Efficiency and operational parameters

Typical indicator LEDs are designed to operate with no morebd9798fs

 than 30?¡ìC60 mW of electrical power. Around 1999, Philips Lumileds introduced power LEDs capable of continuous use at one W. These LEDs used much larger semiconductorSTK407-100

 die sizes to handle the large power inputs. Also, the semiconductor dies were mounted onto metal slugs to allow for heat removal from the LED die.One of the key advantages of LED-basedTOP232P

 lighting is its high efficacy,[dubious discuss] as measured by its light output per unit power input. White LEDs quickly matched and overtook the efficacy of standard incandescent lighting systems. InLA4636

 2002, Lumileds made five-watt LEDs available with a luminous efficacy of 18?¡ìC22 lumens per watt . For comparison, a conventional 60?¡ìC100 W incandescent light bulb emits around 15 lm/W, and standard fluorescent lights emit up to 100 lm/W.MM1311A

 A recurring problem is that efficacy falls sharply with rising current. This effect is known as droop and effectively limits the light output of a given LED, raising heating more than light output for higher current